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Name 名
クラーク・グラッブ
Verbs 動詞 dousi
politeness
Verbs can be classified as plain or polite. Most verbs are plain. An honorific polite verb can be constructed the plain form using the o + PLAIN STEM + ni + nâru pattern. A humble polite verb can be constructed using the o + PLAIN STEM + suru pattern. Some verbs have irregular polite alternatives.
The symbols (↑), (↓), and (+) indicate honorific-polite, humble-polite, and neutral polite verbs. Honorific-polite forms honor the subject, who is normally a member of the out-group relative to the speaker. Humble-polite forms diminish the subject, who is normally a member of the in-group relative to the speaker and often the speaker himself or herself.
plain | (↑) | (↑) | (↓) |
---|---|---|---|
iímàsu iu |
osśyarimàsu osśyàru |
moósimàsu môosu |
|
ikimâsu iku |
irássyaimàsu irássyàru |
oíde ni nàru | maírimàsu mâiru |
imâsu iru |
irássyaimàsu irássyàru |
oíde ni nàru | orímàsu ôru |
kimâsu kûru |
irássyaimàsu irássyàru |
oíde ni nàru | maírmàsu mâiru |
nomímàsu | mesíagarimàsu | onómi ni nàru | itádakimàsu |
tabémàsu | mesíagarimàsu | otábe ni nàru | itádakimàsu |
sirímàsu | gozônzi desu | zońzimàsu | |
simâsu | nasárimàsu | itásimàsu | |
kureru | kureru | kudásàru | |
ageru | yaru | sasiageru | |
morau | omórai ni nàru | itadaku | |
dèsu (animate) | de (i)rássyaimàsu | ||
STEM + masu | o + STEM + ni + nâru | o + STEM + suru |
kureru is used when the out-group gives
ageru is used when the in-group gives
morau is used when the in-group receives
plain | (+) |
---|---|
arímàsu | gozáimàsu |
desu (inanimate) | de gozáimàsu |
negation
kimâsu 来ます | kimásèn 来ません |
kimâsita 来ました | kimásèn desita 来ませんでした |
kûru 来る | kônai 来ない |
kitâ 来た | kônakatta 来なかった |
use of the gerund
translation | example |
---|---|
please use it | tukatte kudasai |
it is okay to use it | tukatte ii tukatte ii desu |
I'm going to use it | tukatte kuru tukatte kimasu |
I used it, then returned home | tukatte, sore kara, kaetta tukatte, sore kara, kaerimasita |
I am using it | tukatteru (tukatte iru) tukattemasu (tukatte imasu) |
I have come (for verbs representing a change of state) | kitêru (kitê iru) kitêmasu (kitê imasu) |
Here are more examples of verbs which take gerunds. The gerund is first, followed by the inflected verb, which is written in kana.
入れておく | iret(e) oku | put in for future use, put in and leave (it) |
付けておく | tukêt(e) oku | turn on for future use, turn on and leave (it) |
しまっておく | simatt(e) oku | put away for future use, put away and leave (it) |
置いていく | oite (i)ku | leave behind |
忘れてします | wasurete simau | forget completely; end up forgetting |
やってしまう | yatte simau | do completely; end up doing |
yattyau | do completely; end up doing | |
貸してあげる | kasite ageru | lend (to you/him/her/them) |
okutte ageru | send/send off (for you/him/her/them) | |
mîte kureru | will you/he/she/they look at (for me/us/you)? | |
直してもらう | naôsite morau | have [something] fixed |
持って行ってもらう | mottè (i)tte morau | have [something] taken |
手伝っていただく | tetúdàtte itadaku | receive helping, be helped ↓ |
聞いてみる | kiite miru | try asking, ask and see |
Verbs which can be preceded by gerunds:
- kuru
- iku
- iru
- aru
- oku
- simau
- kureru/kudasaru
- ageru/sasiagaru
- yaru
- morau
- itadaku
- miru
ichidan (one row) verbs
All ichidan verbs have a imperfect form which ends in -eru or -iru. Not all verbs which end in -eru or -iru are ichidan, however.
-iru | -eru | |
---|---|---|
imperfect | otiru | taberu |
perfect | otita | tabeta |
gerund | otite | tabete |
distal imperfect | otimasu | tabemasu |
distal perfect | otimasita | tabemasita |
imperfect negative | otinai | tabenai |
imperfect | perfect | distal imperfect | |
---|---|---|---|
give; raise | ageru 上げる | ageta 上げた | agémàsu 上げます |
open (something) | akeru 開ける | aketa 開ける | akémàsu 開けます |
bring together | atúmèru 集める | atûmeta 集めた | atúmemàsu 集めます |
become confused, disconcerted, disorganized | awateru 慌てる | awateta 慌てた | awatemasu 慌てます |
hand over for temporary keeping; check | azúkèru 預ける | azûketa 預けた | azúkemàsu 預けます |
be able; get finished | dekîru できる | dêkita できた | dekímàsu できます |
meet; greet | demukaeru 出迎える | demukaeta 出迎えた | demúkaemàsu 出迎えます |
go out; come out; leave | dêru 出る | dêta 出た | demâsu 出ます |
begin (something) | hazimeru 始める | hazimeta 始めた | hazímemàsu 始めます |
change (something) | kaeru 変える | kaeta 変えた | kaémàsu 変えます |
suspend; make (a phone call) | kakêru かける | kâketa かけた | kakémàsu かけます |
borrow; rent (from someone) | kariru 借りる | karita 借りた | karímàsu 借ります |
make tidy, put in order | katázukèru 片づける | katázùketa 片づけた | katázukemàsu 片づけます |
go out; become turned off; become extinguished | kieru 消える | kieta 消えた | kiémàsu 消えます |
can hear; be audible | kikoeru 聞こえる | kikoeta 聞こえた | kikoemasu 聞こえます |
decide (something) | kimeru 決める | kimeta 決めた | kimémàsu 決めます |
put into, insert | ireru 入れる | ireta 入れた | irémàsu 入れます |
be (animate) | iru いる | ita いた | imâsu います |
make a mistake | matígaèru | matígàeta | matígaemàsu |
appear; show up; be visible | miêru 見える | mîeta 見えた | miémàsu 見えます |
look at | mîru 見る | mita 見た | mimâsu 見ます |
show | misêru 見せる | mîseta 見せた | misemasu 見せます |
meet; greet; welcome | mukaeru 迎える | mukaeta 迎えた | mukáemàsu 迎えます |
place in line | naraberu 並べる | narabeta 並べた | narábemàsu 並べます |
go to sleep; go to bed | neru 寝る | neta 寝た | nemâsu 寝ます |
place on [something]; take on board; give a ride | noseru 乗せる | noseta 乗せた | nosémàsu 乗せます |
commit to memory; learn by heart | obóèru 覚える | obôeta 覚えた | obóemàsu 覚えます |
become late; become delayed | okureru 遅れる | okureta 遅れた | okuremasu 遅れます |
descend; get off (a vehicle) | orîru 降りる | ôrita 降りた | orímàsu 降ります |
teach | osieru 教える | osieta 教えた | osíemàsu 教えます |
get cold | samêru 冷める | sâmeta 冷めた | samémàsu 冷めます |
give (↓) | sasiageru 差し上げる | sasiageta 差し上げた | sasíagemàsu 差し上げます |
close (something) | simêru 閉める | sîmeta 閉めた | simémàsu 閉めます |
look into, investigate, check | sirábèru 調べれう | sirâbeta 調べれた | sirábemàsu 調べれます |
go to excess | sugiru 過ぎる | sugita 過ぎた | sugímàsu 過ぎます |
throw away | suteru 捨てる | suteta 捨てた | sutémàsu 捨てます |
eat | tabêru 食べる | tâbeta 食べた | tabémàsu 食べます |
rescue, save | tasúkèru 助ける | tasúkèta 助けた | tasúkemàsu 助けます |
stand [something] up, erect [something] | tatêru 立てる | tâteta 立てた | tatémàsu 立てます |
deliver | todókèru 届ける | todôketa 届けた | todókemàsu 届けます |
bring to a halt | tomeru 止める | tometa 止めた | tomémàsu 止めます |
become tired | tukárèru 疲れる | tukâreta 疲れた | tukáremàsu 疲れます |
attach (something); turn on | tukêru 付ける | tukêta 付けた | tukémàsu 付けます |
take along (people) | tureru 連れる | tureta 連れた | turémàsu 連れます |
make oneself understood; get through | tuuziru 通じる | tuuzita 通じた | tuuzimasu 通じます |
forget | wasureru 忘れる | wasureta 忘れた | wasúremàsu 忘れます |
quit | yameru 辞める | yameta 辞めた | yamémàsu 辞めます |
find out; get to know (↓) | zonziru 存じる | zonzita 存じた | zonzimasu 存じます |
If the imperfect has an accent, the perfect and gerund will as well. If the imperfect accent is not on the first mora, the perfect and gerund accent may be on the previous mora. The -masu and -masita forms always have the accent on the a in the suffix.
godan (five row) verbs
Most verbs are ichidan or godan. The exceptions are the five special polite verbs ending in -aru and the irregular verbs iku, kuru, and suru.
In Kodansha's Furigana Japanese Dictionary verbs which end in -eru or -iru are godan if there is a {5} after the entry. Otherwise they are ichidan. Examples of godan verbs with -eru or -iru endings:
- hairu
- iru (when it means "need" it is godan; when it means "to be" for inanimate objects it is ichidan)
- kaeru
- kiru
- mairu
- siru
The consonant (or vowel) before the final -u in the imperfect determines the other verb forms.
-Vu | -ku | -gu | -su | -tu | -nu | -bu | -mu | -ru | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
imperfect | tigau | aruku | isogu | hanasu | matu | sinu | yobu | nomu | tukuru |
perfect | tigatta | aruita | isoida | hanasita | matta | sinda | yonda | nonda | tukutta |
gerund | tigatte | aruite | isoide | hanasite | matte | sinde | yonde | nonde | tukutte |
distal imperfect | tigaimasu | arukimasu | isogimasu | hanasimasu | matimasu | sinimasu | yobimasu | nomimasu | tukurimasu |
distal perfect | tigaimasita | arukimasita | isogimasita | hanasimasita | matimasita | sinimasita | yobimasita | nomimasita | tukurimasita |
imperfect negative | tigawanai | arukanai | isoganai | hanasanai | matanai | sinanai | yobanai | nomanai | tukuranai |
imperfect | perfect | distal imperfect | |
---|---|---|---|
go up, come up; rise | agaru 上がる | agatta 上がった | agímàsu 上がります |
become open | aku 開く | aita 開いた | akímàsu 開きます |
wash | arau 洗う | aratta 洗った | aráimàsu 洗います |
be (inanimate) | âru ある | âtta あった | arímàsu あります |
walk | arûku 歩く | arûita 歩いた | arúkimàsu 歩いきます |
come together | atúmàru 集まる | atúmàtta 集まった | atúmarimàsu 集まります |
meet, see | âu 会う | âtta 会った | aímàsu 会います |
match up with | âu 合う | âtta 合った | aímàsu 合います |
accept for temporary keeping | azúkàru 預かる | azúkàtta 預かった | azúkarimàsu 預かります |
put out, take out | dâsu 出す | dâsita 出した | dasímàsu 出します |
go in, enter | hâiru 入る | hâitta 入った | haírimàsu 入ります |
transport, carry | hakobu 運ぶ | hakonda 運んだ | hakóbimàsu 運びます |
talk; speak | hanâsu 話す | hanâsita 話した | hanásimàsu 話します |
let go; unfasten | hazusu 外す | hazusita 外した | hazúsimàsu 外します |
pull | hiku 引く | hiita 引いた | hikímàsu 引きます |
wipe | huku 拭く | hutta 拭った | hukímàsu 拭きます |
go | iku 行く | itta 行った † | ikímàsu 行きます |
† If iku were regular the perfect and gerund would be *iita and *iite. | |||
need; be required | iru 要る | itta 要った | irímàsu 要ります |
be in a hurry, make haste | isôgu 急ぐ | isôide 急いで | isógimàsu 急ぎます |
do (↓) | itasu いたす | itasita いたした | itásimàsu いたします |
eat; drink; accept (↓) | itadaku いただく | itadaita いただいた | itádakimàsu いただきます |
say; be called | iu 言う | itta 言った | iimasu 言います |
return | kâeru 帰る | kâetta 帰った | kaérimàsu 帰ります |
be required | kakâru かかる | kakâtta かかった | kakárimàsu かかります |
write | kâku 書く | kâita 書いた | kakímàsu 書きます |
mind, care, be concerned about | kamâu 構う | kamâtta 構った | kamáimàsu 構います |
lend; rent (to someone) | kasu 貸す | kasita 貸した | kasimasu 貸します |
become tidy, be put in order | katázùku 片付く | katázùita 片付いた | katázukimàsu 片付きます |
become dry | kawâku 乾く | kawâita 乾いた | kawákimàsu 乾きます |
buy | kau 買う | katta 買った | kaímàsu 買います |
undergo change; change places | kawaru 変わる | kawatta 変わった | kawárimàsu 変わります |
commute | kayou 通う | kayotta 通った | kayóimàsu 通います |
turn off; extinguish, erase | kesu 消す | kesita 消した | kesímàsu 消します |
ask; listen; hear | kiku 聞く | kiita 聞いた | kikímàsu 聞きます |
exhaust the supply | kirâsu 切らす | kirâsita 切らした | kirásimàsu 切らします |
cut; cut off; hang up | kîru 切る | kîtta 切った | kirimasu 切ります |
be upset | komâru 困る | komâtta 困った | komárimàsu 困ります |
become crowded, congested, filled up | kômu 込む | kônda 込んだ | komímàsu 込みます |
become stiff | kôru 凝る | kôtta 凝った | korímàsu 凝ります |
give me (↑) | kudásàru くださる | kudásàtta くださった | kudásaimàsu くださいます |
(something) turns | magaru 曲がる | magatta 曲がった | magárimàsu 曲がります |
go (home); come (home) (↓) | mâiru 参る | mâitta 参った | maírimàsu 参ります |
be(come) wrong, be in error | matigàu | matigatta | matígaimàsu |
wait | mâtu 待つ | mâtta 待った | matímàsu 待ちます |
eat; drink; smoke (↑) | mesiagaru | mesiagatta | mesíagarimàsu |
see off | miokuru 見送る | miokutta 見送った | miókurimàsu 見送ります |
return, go/come back; back up | modôru 戻る | modôtta 戻った | modórimàsu 戻ります |
say; be called, be named (↓) | môosu もおす | môosita もおした | moósimàsu もおしtます |
receive, accept, get | morau | moratta | moráimàsu |
take hold of; take possesion of | môtu 持つ | môtta 持った | motímàsu 持ちます |
form a line, get in line | narabu 並ぶ | naranda 並んだ | narábimàsu 並びます |
become | nâru なる | natta なった | narímàsu なります |
request | negau 願う | negatta 願った | negaimasu 願います |
become repaired; recover | naôru | naôtta | naórimàsu |
fix, repair | naôsu 直す | naôsita 直した | naosimasu 直します |
do (↑) | nasâru なさる | nasâtta なさった | nasárimàsu なさります |
put to sleep; lay [something] on its side | nekasu 寝かす | nekasita 寝かした | nekásimàsu 寝かします |
drink | nômu 飲む | nônda 飲んだ | nomímàsu 飲みます |
get on; board a vehicle; ride | noru 乗る | notta 乗った | norímàsu 乗ります |
put, place | oku | oita | okímàsu |
send; send off, see off | okuru 送る | okutta 送った | okúrimàsu 送ります |
think | omôu 思う | omôtta 思った | omóimàsu 思います |
lower; unload; let off (a vehicle) | orôsu 下ろす | orôsita 下ろした | orósimàsu 下ろします |
be (animate) (↓) | ôru おる | ôtta おった | orímàsu おります |
say; be called (↑) | osśyàru おっしゃる | osśyàtta おっしゃった | osśyarimàsu おっしゃります |
become closed | simâru 閉まる | simâtta 閉まった | simárimàsu 閉まります |
put away; store | simau | simatta | simáimàsu |
find out; get to know | siru 知る | sitta 知った | sirímàsu 知ります |
become empty | suku | suita | sukímàsu |
smoke | suu | sutta | suímàsu |
sit down | suwaru 座る | suwatta 座った | suwárimàsu 座ります |
become rescued, become saved | tasúkàru 助かる | tasúkàtta 助かった | tasúkarimàsu 助かります |
request, ask for | tanômu | tanônda | tanómimàsu |
depart; stand [something] up, be built | tâtu 立つ | tâtta 立った | tatímàsu 立ちます |
help, lend a hand | tetúdàu | tetúdàtta | tetúdaimàsu |
differ | tigau 違う | tigatta 違った | tigáimàsu 違います |
be delivered, reach, extend | todôku 届く | todôita 届いた | todókimàsu 届きます |
come to a halt | tomaru 止まる | tomatta 止まった | tomárimàsu 止まります |
take up, take away | tôru | tôtta | torímàsu |
use | tukau 使う | tukatta 使った | tukáimàsu 使います |
become attached; become turned on | tûku 付く | tûita 付いた | tukímàsu 付きます |
arrive | tûku 着く | tûita 着いた | tukímàsu 着きます |
make | tukûru 作る | tukûtta 作った | tukúrimàsu 作ります |
inquire (↓) | ukagau 伺う | ukagatta 伺った | ukágaimàsu 伺います |
sell | uru 売る | utta 売った | urímàsu 売ります |
understand | wakâru 分かる | wakâtta 分かった | wakárimàsu 分かります |
go over, go across | wataru 渡る | watatta 渡った | watárimàsu 渡ります |
hand over | watasu 渡す | watasita 渡した | watásimàsu 渡します |
do; give | yaru 遣る | yatta 遣っ他 | yarímàsu 遣ります |
rest; take time off | yasûmu 休む | yasûnda 休んだ | yasûmàsu 休ます |
call | yobu 呼ぶ | yonda 呼んだ | yobímàsu 呼びます |
take pleasure in | yorókòbu 喜ぶ | yorókònda 喜んだ | yorókobimàsu 喜びます |
stop in | yoru 寄る | yotta 寄った | yorimasu 寄ります |
The godan imperfect, perfect, and gerund forms have the accent in the same place.
The imperfect negative of âru is the irregular form nâi.
five special polite verbs
imperfect | perfect | gerund | distal imperfect | imperfect negative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to be (inanimate) (+) | *gozâru | *gozâtta | *gozâtte | gozáimàsu | *gozáwànai |
to give to me (↑) | kudásàru | kudásàtta | kudásàtte | kudásaimàsu | kudásarànai |
to do (↑) | nasâru | nasâtta | nasâtte | ||
to go; come; be (↑) | irássyàru | irâsita | irâsite | irássyaimàsu | irássyarànai |
to say; to be called (↑) | ośsyàru | ośsyàtta | ośsyàtte |
*Only distal forms of gozaimasu are used in practice.
The five special polite verbs are usually written using kana. There are kanji for all but irassyaru, however.
two irregular verbs
imperfect | perfect | gerund | distal imperfect | imperfect negative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to come | kûru 来る | kitâ 来た | kitê 来て | kimâsu 来ます | kônai |
to do | suru する | sita した | site して | simâsu します | sinai |
verb accent
The imperfect is the usual citation form for Japanese verbs. The conjugation pattern of a verb can be determined by looking at the imperfect and the perfect. If the imperfect does not end in ~eru or ~iru the conjugation pattern can be determined from the imperfect alone.
The imperfect is either unaccented or accented on the penultimate mora. If one knows the conjugation pattern of the verb and whether the imperfect is accented, one can predict the accent of the rest of the verb's forms.
Some verbs forms have a fixed accent regardless of the conjugation or whether the imperfect is accented. The distal forms all fall into this category. Verb forms with a fixed accent have accents in their endings below. The consultative form also has a fixed accent.
form | ending | position when "accented" | position when "unaccented" |
---|---|---|---|
imperfect | -u, (-ru) | penultimate | none |
perfect | -ta, (-da) | antepenult if ichidan, otherwise penult | none |
imperfect negative | -anai, (-nai) | antepenult | none |
gerund | -te, (-de) | antepenult if ichidan, otherwise penult | none |
stem | -i, (-∅) | penult | none |
provisional | -eba, (-reba) | antepenult (same mora as imperfect) | penult |
conditional | -ara, (-tara) | same mora as perfect | penult |
consultative | -òo, (-yòo) | penult | |
distal imperfect | -imàsu, (-màsu) | penult | |
distal perfect | -imàsita, (-màsita) | antepenult | |
distal imperfect negative | -imasèn, (-masèn) | penult | |
distal consultative | -imasyòo, (-masyòo) | penult |
affective verbs
Operational verbs use the ga and o suffix particles.
Affective verbs use two ga suffix particles.
Operational verbs communicate events which happen by volition, whereas affective verbs communicate events outside of immediate human control. Examples of affective verbs:
- dekimasu
- irimasu
- wakarimasu
Adjectives 形容詞 keíyòusi
adjective | antonym | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
îi いい | yôku | yôkatta | warûi 悪い | wâruku | wârukatta |
takâi 高い | tâkaku | tâkakatta | yasûi 安い | yâsuku | yâsukatta |
omósiròi 面白い | omósiròku | omósiròkatta | tumárànai つまらない | tumárànaku | tumárànakatta |
oókìi 大きい | ôokiku | ôokikatta | tiísài 小さい | tiísàku | tiísàkatta |
atárasìi 新しい wakâi 若い |
atáràsiku wâkaku |
atáràsikatta wâkakatta |
hurûi 古い | hûruku | hûrukatta |
muzukasii 難しい | muzukasiku | muzúkasìkatta | yasasii 優しい | yasasiku | yasásìkatta |
kurôi 黒い | kûroku | kûrokatta | sirôi 白い | sîroku | sîrokatta |
oisii おいしい | oisiku | oísìkatta | mazûi まずい | mâzuku | mâzukatta |
osoi 遅い | osoku | osôkatta | hayâi 早い hayâi 速い |
hâyaku | hâyakatta |
nagâi 長い | nâgaku | nâgakatta | mizíkài 短い | mizíkàku | mizíkàkatta |
atátakài 暖かい 温かい (attákài) |
atátakàku | atátakàkatta | suzúsìi 涼しい | suzûsiku | suzûsikatta |
atûi 暑い | âtuku | âtukatta | samûi 寒い tumetai 冷たい |
sâmuku tumetaku |
sâmukatta tumétàkatta |
yowâi 弱い | yôwaku | yôwakatta | tuyôi 強い | tûyoku | tûyokatta |
tooi 遠い | tooku | toôkatta | tikâi 近い | tikâku | tikâkatta |
yawárakài 柔らかい | yawárakàku | yawárakàkatta | katai 硬い | kataku | katâkatta |
usui 薄い | usuku | usûkatta | kôi 濃い | kôku | kôkatta |
oôi 多い | oôku | oôkatta | sukúnài 少ない | sukúnàku | sukúnàkatta |
omoi 重い | omoku | omôkatta | karui 軽い | karuku | karûkatta |
yorósìi よろしい | yorósìku | yorósìkatta |
abunai 危ない | abunaku | abúnàkatta |
isógasìi 忙しい | isógàsiku | isógàsikatta |
okásìi おかしい | okâsiku | okâsikatta |
kawáìi かわいい | kawáìku | kawáìkatta |
aôi 青い | âoku | âokatta |
akai x赤い | akaku | akâkatta |
kiiroi 黄色い | kiiroku | kiíròkatta |
amai 甘い | amaku | amâkatta |
karâi 辛い | kâraku | kârakatta |
súppài 酸っぱい | súppàku | súppàkatta |
itâi 痛い | îtaku | îtakatta |
komákài 細かい | komákàku | komákàkatta |
arígatài ありがたい | arígatàku | arígatàkatta |
mezúrasìi 珍しい | mezúràsiku | mezúràsikatta |
nemûi 眠い | nemûku | nemûkatta |
hazúkasìi 恥ずかしい | hazúkàsiku | hazúkàsikatta |
monósugòi ものすごい | monósùgoku | monósùgokatta |
Imperfect and perfect.
negation
takâi desu | tâkaku arimásèn tâkaku nâi desu |
takâi | tâkaku nai |
copula
Loses accent when previous word is accented.
Perfect forms only used with nouns.
imperfect | perfect | gerund | distal imperfect | distal perfect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to be | dà | dàtta | de | dèsu | dèsita |
to possibly be | daròo | desyòo |
modifying nouns
kono, sono, ano
gerund
adjective compounds
kikóenikùi
kikóeyasùi
Nouns 名詞 meisi
の can be used to convert an adjective into a noun: i.e. siroi no "white one".
の can be used to make a noun a modifier of another: kiyoo no sinbun "today's newspaper".
negation
大丈夫です | 大丈夫じゃないです |
大丈夫でした | 大丈夫じゃなかったです |
Colors
- gurêe
- haiiro
- gurîin
- mîdori
- tyairo
Adjectival Nouns 形容動詞 keiyou doushi
This is a lexical class sometimes classified as a nouns and sometimes as adjectives.
Adjectival nouns differ from standard nouns in that な is used instead
of の when the adjectival noun modifies a following noun. Adjectival
nouns are also called na-nouns or na-adjectives.
Some common adjectival nouns:
- bênri
- damê
- daizi
- daizyoobu
- hên
- (o)hima
- hizyou
- hûben
- iyâ
- kêkkoo
- kenkoo
- kirai
- kîree
- ôoki
- raku
- sitûree
- sukî
- taisetu
- tîisa
- zańnèn
Adverbs 副詞 hukusi
- ainiku
- amari
- betubetu
- betuni
- dondon
- guuguu
- hakkiri
- hatto
- ...
Question Words
- dare
- dônata
- doko
- donna
- dono
- doo
- dore
- dotira
- dotti
- itu
- ikura
- oikura
- ikutu
- oikutu
- nan
Extended Predicate のだ
class | distal | direct (male) | direct (female) |
---|---|---|---|
adjectives | abúnài n desu | abúnài n da | abúnài no |
verbs | iku n desu | iku n da | iku no |
nouns | benri na n desu | benri na n da | benri na no |
nominal no |
Particles
sentence final
ka, yo, ne, kedo, ga
noun phrase final
ga, o, wa, mo
Some verbs take two ga noun phrase final particles:
- dekiru, dekite, dekimasu be able
- iru, itte, irimasu need
- wakaru, wakatte, wakarimasu understand
Female Speech
For the most part only women use sentence final particles わ, as well as the sentence final particle combinations わよ and わね. わ is a mildly assertive particle that can be used after a direct style verb. It can also be used in place of だ in a direct style nominal predicate sentence.
Numbers
day of month | # of days | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 一 | iti | hitôtu | tuitati | itiniti |
2 | 二 | ni | hutatu | hutuka | hutuka |
3 | 三 | san | mittu | mikka | mikka |
4 | 四 | yon (si) | yottu | yokka | yokka |
5 | 五 | go | itûtu | ituka | ituka |
6 | 六 | roku | muttu | muika | muika |
7 | 七 | nana (siti) | nanâtu | nanoka | nanoka |
8 | 八 | hati | yattu | yooka | yooka |
9 | 九 | kyuu (ku) | kokônotu | kokonoka | kokonoka |
10 | 十 | zyuu | tôo | tooka | tooka |
11 | 十一 | zyuuiti | zyuuitiniti | zyuuitiniti | |
12 | 十二 | zyuuni | zyuuniniti | zyuuniniti | |
13 | 十三 | zyuusan | zyuusanniti | zyuusanniti | |
14 | 十四 | zyuuyon | zyûuyokka | zyûuyokka | |
15 | 十五 | zyuugo | zyuugoniti | zyuugoniti | |
20 | 二十 | nizyuu | hatuka | hatuka | |
30 | 三十 | sanzyuu | sanzyuuniti | sanzyuuniti | |
100 | 百 | hyaku | |||
1000 | 千 | sen | |||
10,000 | 万 | man |
classifiers
-satu | 冊 | volumes | íssatù, nîsatu, sânsatu, ..., hassatu, ... | nânsatu |
-mai | 枚 | sheets | itîmai, nîmai, sânmai, ... | nânmai |
-hon | 本 | long cylindrical objects | îppon, nîhon, sânbon, ..., rôppon, ..., hâppon, ..., zyûppon | nânbon |
-tu | つ | inanimate objects | hitôtu, hutatu, mittu, ... | îkutu |
-kai | 階 | floors | ikkai, nikai, sangai, ..., rokkai, nanakai, hakkai, ... | nangai |
-dai | 台 | vehicles and machines | itîdai, nîdai, sândai, ... | nândai |
-ken | 軒 | buildings and shops | îkken, nîken, sângen,..., rôkken, nanâken, hâkken, ... | nângen |
-hun | 分 | counting minutes and naming minute of hour | îppun, nîhun, sânpun, yônpun, ..., rôppun, ..., hâppun, ... | nânpun |
-zi | 時 | naming the o'clocks | itîzi, nîzi, sânzi, yôzi, gôzi, rokûzi, sitîzi, hatîzi, kûzi, zyûuzi | nânzi |
-zikan | 時間 | counting hours | itizikan, nizikan, sanzikan, ... | nanzikan |
-ka -niti |
日 | counting days or naming day of month | nânniti | |
-syuukan | 週間 | counting weeks | iśsyùukan, nisyûukan, sańsyùukan, ..., haśsyùukan, ... | nańsyùukan |
-gatu | 月 | naming months | itígatù, nigátù, sângatu, sigátù, gôgatu, rokúgatù, sitígatù, hatígatù, kûgatu, zyuúgatù | nângatu |
-kagetu | ヶ月 | counting months | iḱkàgetu, nikâgetu, sańkàgetu, ..., roḱkàgetu, ..., haḱkàgetu, ... | nańkàgetu |
-nen | 年 | naming and counting years | itînen (gânnen for 1st year of era), nînen, sannen, ... | nânnen |
-nenkan | 年間 | counting years | ||
-sai | 歳 | counting years of human age | îssai, nîsai, sânsai,yônsai, gôsai, rokûsai, nanâsai, hâssai, kyûusai, zissai | nânsai |
-ri/-nin | 人 | counting human beings | hitôri, hutárì, sańnìn, yonîn, gonîn, rokûnin,. nanânin, hatînin, kunîn, zyûunin | nânnin |
-hai | 杯 | counting glassfuls and cupfuls | îppai, nîhai, sânbai, yônhai, gohai, rôppai, ..., hâppai/hatîhai, ..., zîppai/zyûppai | nânbai |
-tyoome | 丁目 | naming chome | ittyoomè, nityóomè, sańtyoomè, ... | nańtyoomè |
-ninmae | 人前 | counting portions | itininmae, nininmae, sanninmae, ... | nanninmae |
-goositu | 号室 | naming room numbers | itígòositu, nigôositu, sańgòositu, ... | nańgòositu |
-mee(sama) | 名 | counting people | itîmee, nîmee, sânmee, ... | nânmee |
-kai | 回 | counting number of times | iḱkài, nikâi, sańkài, ... | nânkai |
-ko | 個 | counting pieces | îkko, nîko, sânko, ... | nânko |
The hitôtu, hutatu, mittu, ... sequence can be used for years of human age instead of -sai, but hâtati is used for 20 instead of nizyuu.
Most classifiers are used for counting (cardinal) or naming (ordinal) but not both. A cardinal classifier can be converted to an ordinal classifier with the 目(め)suffix, e.g. 一ページ目 the first page. A cardinal classifier can also be converted to an orderinal classifier with the 第(だい)prefix, e.g. 第一冊 the first volume.
Units of Measurement
Metric
m | メートル | |
cm | センチメートル | センチ |
l | リットル | |
g | グラム | |
kg | キログラム | キロ |
km | キロメートル | キロ |
English
pound | ポンド |
ounce | オンス |
gallon | ガロン |
mile | マイル |
ton | トン |
inch | インチ |
feet | フィート |
acre | エーカー |
Traditional Length
kanji | romaji | metric | English approx | |
---|---|---|---|---|
毛 | MOU | 0.0303mm | ||
厘 | RIN | 0.303mm | ||
分 | BU | 3.03mm | primary on reading for 分 is BUN | |
寸 | SUN | 3.03cm | inch | |
尺 | SHAKU | 30.3cm | foot | |
間 | KEN | 1.818m | primary on reading for 間 is KAN | |
尋 | hiro | 1.818m | fathom | depth only; primary kun reading for 尋 is tazu(neru) |
丈 | ZYOU | 3.03m | ||
町 | TYOU | 109.1m | ||
里 | RI | 3.927km | league |